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A waste product of purine breakdown excreted by the kidneys - high levels cause gout and uric-acid kidney stones, and are common in CKD.
Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism, excreted mostly by the kidneys. High levels (hyperuricemia) cause gout and uric-acid stones, and CKD both raises uric acid (reduced excretion) and is itself associated with hyperuricemia. Whether lowering uric acid slows CKD progression remains debated - trials have been mixed - but treating gout and preventing urate stones is clear. Management: allopurinol or febuxostat renal-dosed, hydration, and dietary moderation of purine-heavy foods.
Abnormal presence of protein in the urine, a key marker of kidney damage and the strongest predictor of CKD progression and cardiovascular risk.
A waste product of muscle metabolism filtered by the kidneys; serum creatinine levels are used to estimate GFR and monitor kidney function over time.
Hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys - most commonly calcium oxalate - causing pain, blood in urine, and repeated episodes.
A progressive condition characterized by gradual loss of kidney function over months or years, classified into 5 stages based on eGFR.
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This content is a general reference, not medical advice, a diagnosis, or a treatment plan. Do not change your diet, fluids, medicines, or dialysis plan without your nephrologist or renal dietitian. Individual recommendations depend on your labs, medications, conditions, and care plan.