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A mild diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone) used for hypertension, with limited effect when eGFR is very low.
Thiazides act on the distal tubule and lose effectiveness below roughly eGFR 30 ml/min — loop diuretics are preferred there. They lower blood pressure and calcium excretion (useful in calcium stones) but can cause hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperuricemia. Monitor electrolytes, especially in elderly patients.
A diuretic (furosemide, torsemide, bumetanide) that removes fluid in CKD and dialysis patients by blocking sodium reabsorption.
Persistently elevated blood pressure - the second leading cause of kidney failure and a driver of CKD progression at every stage.
Blood sodium below ~135 mEq/L - in kidney disease usually from fluid overload, excess free-water intake, or medications.
Blood potassium below ~3.5 mEq/L - less common than hyperkalemia in CKD but dangerous, causing muscle weakness and arrhythmias.
Hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys - most commonly calcium oxalate - causing pain, blood in urine, and repeated episodes.
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This content is a general reference, not medical advice, a diagnosis, or a treatment plan. Do not change your diet, fluids, medicines, or dialysis plan without your nephrologist or renal dietitian. Individual recommendations depend on your labs, medications, conditions, and care plan.