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A toxic condition caused by the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood due to severe kidney dysfunction, characterized by nausea, fatigue, confusion, and metabolic disturbances.
Uremia (literally 'urine in the blood') develops when the kidneys fail to excrete metabolic wastes, leading to systemic toxicity. Early symptoms include fatigue, anorexia, nausea, and pruritus. Advanced uremia manifests as pericarditis, encephalopathy (asterixis, seizures, coma), bleeding diathesis, and serositis. The uremic syndrome involves accumulation of urea, creatinine, phenols, indoles, beta-2 microglobulin, and middle molecules. Dialysis initiation is typically recommended when eGFR falls to 5-10 mL/min/1.73m² with uremic symptoms (IDEAL trial, Cooper et al., 2010, NEJM). Uremic symptoms should improve significantly within 2-4 weeks of adequate dialysis.
A progressive condition characterized by gradual loss of kidney function over months or years, classified into 5 stages based on eGFR.
The final stage of chronic kidney disease (Stage 5, eGFR <15) where kidneys can no longer sustain life without dialysis or transplantation.
The specially formulated solution used in dialysis that draws waste products and excess electrolytes from the blood across the dialyzer membrane.
A dimensionless number used to quantify dialysis adequacy, where K = dialyzer clearance, t = treatment time, and V = volume of distribution of urea.
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This content is a general reference, not medical advice, a diagnosis, or a treatment plan. Do not change your diet, fluids, medicines, or dialysis plan without your nephrologist or renal dietitian. Individual recommendations depend on your labs, medications, conditions, and care plan.